The Ethical Basis For Ecosystem Management Essays - Systems Ecology

The Ethical Basis for Ecosystem Management Andrew J. Green Environment Management: The Human Dimension Building up a natural ethic is of most extreme worry to the human species to more readily fathom our place on the planet and our possibilities for what's to come. In doing as such, we should broaden our considering rights and duties. I accept we should fuse a fleeting segment, yet additionally a spatial comprehension of the world as a natural biotic network and how utilization is a piece of the regular request. Aldo Leopold accepts that protection morals must be established in an assurance: A thing is correct when it will in general safeguard the respectability, security, and excellence of the biotic network. It isn't right when it tends something else. I might want to begin with Leopold's announcement, and further investigate how the meanings of trustworthiness, security and excellence can be better comprehended given three corollary's: 1. Every single natural element must devour to endure it isn't just a right, however an obligation 2. There are restricted assets to be devoured by natural substances on the planet 3. The human species has the capacity, through balanced idea, to monitor ever-exhausting assets Leopold's ethic endeavors to expand what is of human, moral worry to incorporate creatures, environments, and imperiled species. In what capacity would this be able to concern be communicated in the present society? I see one issue with this contention in that there is little conversation about force and impact that is characteristic in current meanings of rights. Along these lines, I will present the idea that natural substances, those that rely upon the utilization of vitality for endurance, must hold the option to devour assets to endure. Ideas of good and bad presently have no standing natural substances must expend to look after life. I will go to Callicott for some conversation of limits and to the Second Law of Thermodynamics as an ethical declaration to protection. The assets for endurance are differing and constrained, and we should investigate all the more completely the parts of a biotic network all in all to investigate our ethical cutoff points. Network parts Natural elements exist (for example live) in a reliant natural network. This perspective will look at segments of the world which are important to keep up natural life. Natural elements are by all account not the only things that require utilization in these natural networks: Fire expends oxygen just as natural elements, the air devours radiation from the sun, water expends through the expulsion of basic oxygen to those that require it, and the earth devours through convection. The earth, itself, does simply reuse vitality. Inorganic earth, water and air are additionally techniques for transportation inside the utilization network. Transiently, to more readily comprehend the interconnectedness with different substances we should take a gander at humanities history through the family of the land. Leopold portrayed the rings on a fallen tree to show where, at various focuses in time, it might have been influenced by different powers of utilization. We can see this in a ring that is roasted dark because of a fire more than one hundred years back, or where sentimental sweethearts scratched their names in its solid casing. Notwithstanding, when we analyze things at the minute level, a rich picture rises that relates our organic history with nature. Leopold composes of this through the Odyssey of Particle X: In the blaze of a century the stone rotted, and X was pulled out and up into a universe of living things. He helped construct a bloom, which turned into an oak seed, which stuffed a deer which took care of an Indian, all in a solitary year. The human tactile strategies for disclosure will in general miss numerous connections between natural elements. We will in general miss a great deal of things when we are not really living in nature also. The cutting edge showcase driven customer society is altogether different from the shopper network of the totality of natural substances on the earth and very conceivable less perplexing. We tend not exclusively to devour assets, however innovation permits us to fabricate things that expend assets just in the creation procedure itself. These, thusly, produce types of vitality that would then be able to be devoured by individuals as an animal types. Limited vitality assets Up to this point, I have dismissed the inorganic life that proliferates on the planet. I

Enterprise resource planning Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Endeavor asset arranging - Literature survey Example Considering all the important safety measures portrayed in this audit, perusers can build up an exact and viable capacity to pick the right ERP to satisfy their company’s needs. Venture Resource Planning The advancement of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) bundles has developed the product advertise in the most significant sections of present day associations. They have changed over the previous decade, each part of authoritative procedure including deals, promoting, fabricating and staffing. The first ERP frameworks that developed were over the top expensive for little and medium organizations and furthermore required complex procedures and support to join them. The inconvenient impact that ERPs have over the whole association is considered significant for the turn of events and thriving of a business (Livermore and Ragowsky, 2002). As, such a blend of human and specialized mastery is required so as to make a right determination of seller, execute the framework as needs be and offer satisfactory help and upkeep. The cases of organizations failing because of actualize disappointment of an ERP framework incorporate renowned firms, for example, Mobil Europe, Nike, Reebok and Hershey. The ceaseless disappointments of the ERP framework have brought up the issue of their reasonability and the dangers engaged with consolidating such practices (Chen, 2001). In view of accessible writing and genuine models, this survey will break down the assignments required so as to pick the right ERP framework, the suggestions that should be thought of, significant strategies required for execution and future bearings for examine are proposed. History of ERP The antecedents of current ERPs were made in the 1960’s with the assembling of early Material Requirements Planning (MRP) programming by the organization of J.I. Case with IBM.. Anyway these arrangements were huge and costly in light of the fact that they required an enormous specialized staff to help the cent ralized computer PCs. In 1970’s the improvement of quicker and higher limit stockpiling empowered the advancement of an increasingly coordinated business data framework. The presentation of COPICS ideas for IBM PCs and resulting birth of programming organizations, for example, SAP (Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung) and Oracle among others, lead to expanded innovative progressions in MRPs. Its capacities included planning and discharging producing work requests and buy orders (Chen, 2001). The MRP II framework was made in the mid 1980’s by J.D Edwards was later named fabricating asset arranging as opposed to its unique abbreviation and received the MRP-II term to conjoin with the more up to date abilities, for example, incorporating essential capacities (creation, promoting and fund) and work force and building to improve the adequacy of the endeavor. During the late 80’s the update of CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) structure offered a methodology to help coordinate data in a steady way over the venture, which was the way in to the moving way among MRP and ERP frameworks (Chung and Snyder, 2000). The term undertaking asset arranging (ERP) was named in the mid 1990s by the Gartner Group and incorporated certain rules to asses the degree of joining across numerous useful regions, for example, creation from crude materials to work-in-process (WIP) to completed merchandise stock (FGI), transporting and accepting

Augustus: Person of the Year

Ryan Weber Mrs. Brannan HUM-2211 October, 15, 2012 Person of the year: Augustus How can one characterize individual of the year? Somebody who is selected this title of amazing privilege over each other man or lady on the planet. For what it’s worth, I can summarize everything into one name, Augustus. A courageous and faithful pioneer, taught and astute man, a political specialist, supporter of human expressions, and a caring spouse, what else could be solicited from a man from such extraordinary achievement?We will be investigating the life, rule, and achievements of Augustus, at that point polish off with a restrictive meeting to give us a greater amount of an insider look on the â€Å"Person of the year. † â€Å"On March 15, 44 BC, a gathering of Roman Senators remained over the dead assemblage of Julius Caesar, wicked blades in their grasp. They had killed the Roman chief with an end goal to spare the Republic from Caesar's yearnings for sole power† (McGill, S arah Ann) In spring of 44 BCE Augustus some time ago known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, or Octavious for short, became leader of Rome.Adopted by Julius Caesar in the wake of going close by him for a long time and all through numerous fights, being the main male family member and it being written in Caesars will, Augustus was beneficiary to the seat and immediately started having an effect on roman culture. â€Å"Caesar Augustus rose from close to lack of definition to turn into the most influential man Rome had ever observed, and he turned out to be maybe the absolute most significant figure in Rome's long history. † (Sizgorich, Tom. â€Å"Augustus) Starting his rule at age 18, extremely youthful and unpracticed he would need to pick up the trust and backing of the realm as a whole.Very naturally and sharp, he began at the base, all things considered, the individuals. Starting open games cherished by them as a wellspring of diversion, when a comet flew by on the princi pal day, everybody accepting it as Caesar’s soul climbing to the sky, this significantly helped success his notoriety among his distant uncles armed force he left and furthermore made him partners inside the senate. However, with partners, would come adversaries, one man specifically, Mark Antony, whom was a nearby partner with Caesar and battled against the gathering that killed him.Tensions between the two were short after they framed a gathering to wipe out contradicting powers, for example, the one that slaughtered Caesar, lead by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. â€Å"The collusion among Antony and Octavian couldn't last, in any case; after the thrashing of the schemers, Octavian set about structure a base of help for himself among the Romans, envisioning the encounter with Antony that he knew would come. † (Sizgorich, Tom. â€Å"Augustus) â€Å"Octavian started planning to go up against Antony. Antony had rankled numerous Romans as a result of his rela tionship with the sovereign of Egypt, Cleopatra.Octavian exploited this resentment to increase further help against Antony. † (â€Å"Augustus, Caesar Octavianus. † Ancient Greece and Rome) Acute and sharp as he seemed to be, Augustus started to understand the roman open was shocked that Antony had been enthusiastically controlled by sovereign Cleopatra of Egypt. He set out to crush Antony and Cleopatra’s armed force. At the point when he at long last did as such, the couple ended it all and permitted Augustus to at long last have full command over the entirety of Rome. He would not like to manage as his uncle did, so as to persuade the general population and senate he would not do so he, enunciated the â€Å"Princep† title.Deriving from Latin importance â€Å"first citizen† recommending that he held just a similar force as all others in the senate, however nobody was to be above him in administering. Augustus burned through no time as sole pioneer o f Rome, he expanded the outskirts, founded development of new structures, water frameworks and streets. He kept up open request and law, bolstered essayists, for example, Virgil and Livy to bring back increasingly customary Roman qualities, and acquainted another religion with society, â€Å"Christianity. † At one point he offered to surrender the entirety of his capacity to the senate, however they would not oblige.In reality they worshipped him significantly more and distributed him with the title Augustus, which is the point at which he embraced the name and dropped the name Octavious. Augustus broadcasted that he had â€Å"found Rome a city of blocks and left it a city of marble. † (â€Å"Augustus, Caesar Octavianus. † Ancient Greece and Rome) By the finish of his standard, Rome was thriving, rich and prosperous was the entire domain. Fixed with armed forces ensuring all outskirts, making a sheltered domain for the entirety of Rome, it has been esteemed â₠¬Å"Rome’s Golden Age† or â€Å"Pax Romana† and was the period in time when the human advancement encountered the most harmony and prosperity.Augustus died in AD 14 and Tiberius assumed responsibility for Rome as his stepson. It is anything but difficult to perceive how Augustus was named Person of the year, he achieved more in the course of his life than some other individual I can name Reforming government and military, reestablishing Roman customs and values, and inconceivably growing the realm. Also, picking up the affection and backing of the individuals, the senate, and the military simultaneously, it’s no big surprise why the senate held him at the degree of a divine being the point at which he passed. Works Cited * â€Å"Augustus, Caesar Octavianus. Antiquated Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Carroll Moulton. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 87-91. Hurricane Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. * Sizgorich , Tom. â€Å"Augustus. † World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012 * McGill, Sarah Ann. â€Å"Augustus. † Augustus (2009): 1. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. * â€Å"Augustus, Caesar Octavianus. † Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Carroll Moulton. Vol. 1.New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 87-91. Hurricane Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. * Fears, J. Rufus. â€Å"Augustus. † Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. second ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 630-631. Storm Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Oct. 2012 * Dunstan, William E. Old Rome. n. p. : Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. digital book Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 15 Oct. 2012 (I couldn't sign into this EBook the entire time I have been composing this paper, yet you have it down as a necessary refer to. )

Essay on the Departure from the Romantic Novel in Pride and Prejudice

A Departure from the Romantic Novel in Pride and Prejudice   â â In Pride and Prejudice, Austen depicts the association of 4 couples - in particular, Elizabeth and Darcy, Jane and Bingley, Lydia and Wickham, and Charlotte and Collins. For the Elizabeth-Darcy relationship, it is obviously a reversal of sentimental desires, and Austen clarifies that this immovable, sane relationship is attractive, yet the Charlotte-Collins relationship, [very rational] while likewise being flighty, endures some analysis. Jane and Bingley, however playing particularly to desires for a sentimental story, are managed tenderly and not horribly by Austen. A similar kind of blustery passionate rashness of Lydia and Wickham, so average of sentimental books around then, is unmistakably censured.  Numerous pundits in the nineteenth century affirmed of Austen's work, as she was inconceivably not quite the same as different authors, infusing little of the shouts along the hallway assortment of books that is appropriate just for house cleaners and chamberwomen. This is described to a great extent by the narrative of Elizabeth and Darcy, which is a reversal of sentimental book desires. Not at all like the immediate, blazing energy that Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights had for Catherine, [not valid, yet I understand for this couple, it was progressively much the same as extraordinary aversion from the outset sight. Haughty, saved Darcy, uncovering none of the spouting, wondrous, she-is-the-most-excellent animal on the planet sort of notion, harshly noticed that she is bearable ... in any case, not attractive enough to entice me. Elizabeth, properly frustrated, takes a chose loathe for him all through a significant part of the initial 2 volumes of the novel. This unpropitious start, not the slightest bit implies to perusers the fir... ...ald Gray.â New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. Pride and Prejudice. Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.  â â â <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Monaghan, David.â Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.â New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.â A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.â Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, second ed. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. Pride and Prejudice. Explicator. 51.1: (1992). Wright, Andrew H. Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1966. 410-420.  Â

Global Economy essay

Global Economy essay Global Economy Home›Economics Posts›Global Economy Economics PostsSince the United States, Europe and Japan are the major contributors to the global economy, the decision and actions of the key personnel in the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan had a significant impact on the overall Global Economy. Ben Bernanke, Jean-Claude Trichet and Masaaki Shirakawa of the U. S. Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan respectively played a critical role in the 2008-2009 global economic depression.Among the notable efforts they made were to lower the interest rates of central banks, thus spurring the economic growth within their regions. They also encouraged effective use of “swap” lines in extending rescue missions to the suffering economies through dollar lending. In unison with China, India and other major nation’s central banks they advocated for global moves such as economic stimulus and discouraged protectionism policies.Although so me nations were relaxed in abandoning the protectionism policies and still embarked in currency appreciation, the global economic stimulus seemed to be the best move towards countering the then economic crisis. The monetary and fiscal policy implementation made the triumvirate more powerful than most country leaders in the world. Their decision determined the deterioration or well-being of the global economy.The U. S. monetary policy can be improved by replacing their deficit financing habits with an expansionary monetary policy, which combat unemployment by reducing the interest rates and thus making businesses acquire more credit for expansion (Bordo, 2008).   The move can assist the U. S to recover from the rising unemployment caused by the economic depression of 2008-2009.The U. S should also avoid printing more money since such measures heightens inflation. Instead the Federal Reserve should opt at minimizing the overstretched defense and military budget which consumes a signif icant proportion of the U. S. GDP. A contractionary monetary policy should be advocated as it minimizes the inflation rate and thus better the budget deficit.

Impact Of Erp On Organization Performance And Management Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The Information Technology has changed dramatically the performance of todays organizations to increase efficiency and effectiveness from last ten years. It is used all over the world through organizations from developed and developing countries to improve performance. This study examined the impact of ERP on organizational performance and management efficiency with respect to increase/decrease in income/ profit, growth rate, no of customer in bank and no of employees Vs ERP expenses of Pakistani manufacturing and banking sectors over period of 2000-2010. The secondary data was collected from literature review and financial statement of 10 companies, 05 in manufacturing sector (05 multination in local market) and 05 in banking sector(05 local). The data was tested by applying statistical/financial techniques. The conclusion of research is that ERP has positive impact on organizational performance of all the organizations but the banking sector performance outstrips the performance of manufacturing sector Key words: Enterprise Resource Planning, Information Systems and Organization Performance Introduction Information systems (IS), known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ERP systems are packaged business software systems, capable of sharing common data, and accessing information in a real time. ERP applications include supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), product lifecycle management (PLM), E-procurement, and financial management (FM) (Barthorpe, Chien, Shih, 2004; Tsai, Fan, Hung, and Liu, 2006; Cheng, Tsao, Tsai, and Tu, 2007). ERP systems can integrate the business processes of a company, and help organizations obtain a competitive advantage (Lee, Moon, and Lee, 2006; Ip and Chen, 2004). Companies which implement ERP systems gain many advantages, including improving productivity, gaining competitive advantage, satisfying customer demand, and increasing their rapid response capabilities. Tsai, Lin, Chen, and Hung (2007) also indicated that implementing ERP systems can bring benefits for companies, for example reducing cycle time, improv ing flow efficiency, and rapidly generating financial information. ERP systems enable managers to control the whole business and accelerate decision making. Companies implement ERP system to become efficient as well as integrate and modernize the business (OMahony and Doran, 2008) Financial sector is the major user and large investor in use of ERP. In Pakistan banking sector is also progressing rapidly with growth of local and multinational banks (Mahmood 2006). Many local banks are working in private sectors and started their operations since 1992 (SBP Report, 2005). It was year 1965 when computer was introduced first time in banks in Pakistan. The main commercial banks in private sectors i.e Allied Bank, Muslim Commercial Bank started acquiring computer to regulate their banking work since that year (Hussain, 2003, Akhtar 2006a, 2006b). The most recent automated banking systems like Misys, Sibel and Fidility etc have been installed in many of the Pakistani Banks (Kazmi 2004, 2005; Khan, 2005; Shaukat et.al, 2009). ERP provides many manufacturing based advantage to different organization to be the world-class manufacturer. In 1957 Packages Ltd was the first manufacturing company in Pakistan which introduced computers. After that many other companies started using of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) software (an integrated IT software system comprised of several modules that share a central database, designed to automate business process across the enterprise (Thomas and Michael, 2001)) has increased. E.R.P software packages such as SAP, Oracle etc. are being commonly used in many manufacturing industries(Rizvi, 2005; Shahid, 2005) According to Wheelen and Hunger (2000) the organization performance is an accumulated end result of organizational process and activity. These are measured by organizations working and activity. The organizational management manages the organizational performance, control and customer value, as it impact reputation of organization. Commonly organizational work measures include organization effectiveness, productivity/efficiency and industry ranking (Wetherbe et.al.1999). Efficiency is defined as minimum utilization of resources and getting maximum output and effectiveness is how well job gets done (Robbin and Coulter, 2003). Literature review Huq and Martin (2006) argued that ERP is a one management strategy that creates change via process performance improvements. Subramoniam, Tounsi, and Krishnankutty (2009) examined the role of BPR in implementing ERP systems and found that all organizations which implement ERP systems should select their own approach based on organizational needs and constraints. Furthermore, Sumner (1999) examined the relationship between critical success factors (CSFs) and ERP system performance, and identified the CSFs as management support, re-design of business processes, training and re-skilling, re-design of business processes, external consultants, management structure, discipline and standardization, effective communications, maintaining excellent staffing, and avoiding attempts at software modification. Competitive pressure and systems compatibility in business process significantly explain the success of ERP system (Elbertsen and Reekum, 2008). ERP was found to save costs (Huang et al.,2009; Kang et al., 2008; Loh et al., 2006; Wieder et al., 2006), facilitate business processes (Gattiker Goodhue, 2005), and provide better information management (Federici, 2009). Operational aspects like lead time can also be shortened by utilizing ERP systems (Cotteleer Bendoly, 2006; Gupta et al., 2004; Kang et al., 2008). According to Velcu (2007), faster fulfilment of customer orders can be achieved using ERP systems. Gupta et al. (2004) and Matolcsy et al. (2005) also agree that ERP systems provide more customer satisfaction by reducing time of Provide services. In the end, it could be said that previous research suggest that a mixed result exists when analyzing the effect of IT on business performance where some studies supported a positive relation while others suggested that companies adopting ERP did not perform financially better than non-adopting companies (Nicolaou, 2004). It can be also said that the effect of IT on business performance differs from country to country (Pilat, 2004) and should be considered when measuring business performance gains due to ERP adoption Significance of Study The banking and manufacturing industries of Pakistan constitute a major portion of Pakistans economy and have experienced continuous structural and technological changes in different regimes. The manufacturing and banking industries are the major users of IT products and ERP. The both sectors i.e. manufacturing and banking have managed, to some extent, the pace with new technologies for their growth and performance increase. This study is therefore a modest yet significant attempt to explore the importance of the role which ERP currently is playing in the organizations and its impact on organizational performance i.e efficiency minimum utilization of resources and getting maximum output and effectiveness how well the job is gets done Robbins and Coulter (2003), of Pakistani banking and manufacturing industries, over time period of 1994-2004. Various studies have been undertaken to measure the impact of ERP on organizational performance of business organizations using different performance indicators which are considered key factors. These variables include income, customer satisfaction, supplier/customer links, company image, job interest of employees, stake holders confidence and interoffice after implementation of ERP and have concluded that ERP ultimately has positive impact. Limitations of the study This study uses secondary data (Financial Statement 2000 to 2010) , Growth Rate, No of Employee etc of 5 Local Pakistani Banks and 5 Local Manufacturing Companies to examine the Organization performance and Management efficacy with ERP experience. Investigation only uses the limited samples to examine the relationship between Performance and ERP system. Pakistani Banks Name of Standard ERP 1. Allied Bank Ltd. Unibank Swift 2. Bank Of Punjab Unibank Swift 3. First Women Bank Ltd. Unibank Swift 4. Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd. Unibank Swift 5. National Bank Ltd. Unibank Swift Pakistani Manufacturing Companies Name of Standard ERP 1. Atlas Honda Ltd. SAP(ERP) Germany 2. Pakistan Tobacco Co 1. Atl1. Atlas Honda Ltd.as Honda Ltd. SAP(ERP) System 3. Lakson Tobacco SAP(ERP) System 4. Indus Motors Ltd SAP(ERP) System 5. Packages Ltd SAP(ERP) System Conclusion The literature review and secondary data established that ERP play an important role in growth and uplift of todays organizations and a countrys development. ERP is a major source of change and revolution in the working of organizations now a day. It is also established through data analysis that ERP is the important management tool. It occupies a key role in modern science and technology. It is having a pervasive impact on effect every sphere of life and is having great presence in all industries, in service, as well as, in manufacturing. ERP is being used in all functional areas of the organizations to increase their performance and it is now playing more important role in the organizations than labor and capital do. Over the time the use of ERP has increased rapidly in all the organizations There are different Unibank Soft, ERPs i.e SAP, Orcle Microsoft Dynamic etc in the organizations to help managers to perform their tasks efficiency and effectively as per their level. The organizations are using ERP to achieve new goals and processes and perform the things that were not already done. In one line we say that employees efficiency increase because of implementation of ERP in local baking and manufacturing sector since 1990s. ERP investments have positive impacts on the performance of the organizations and management efficiency

The Representative Democracy of Australia - 1971 Words

Australian government takes the form of a representative democracy. Encompassing a political system which allows eligible citizens to vote to elect candidates to govern the nation on their behalf. In conjunction, there are numerous principles Australians consider democracy must embody, if the nation is to be considered a democracy at all. At the heart of Australian democracy are the core defining values of: freedom of election and being elected; freedom of assembly and political participation; freedom of speech, expression and religious belief; the rule of law; and other basic human rights. Such as those proposed by The Honourable Aharon Barak, President of the Supreme Court of Israel, who having noted that all democracies share common characteristics, suggested these included public safety and security, the democratic values of the State and its very existence. The premise of terrorism has expedited the initiation of integral changes to the legal system, reducing the rule of law and eroding established civil liberties and legal protections. The counter-terrorism measures introduced in Australia confer a power to compel submission to interrogation, a power to detain and interrogate without charge, and a power of preventative detention. In doing so these laws jeopardise the rule of law, expand executive power, diminish existing rights, endanger the separation of powers, and undermine judicial procedures. Further the legislative definition of ‘terrorism’ provides for theShow MoreRelated‘We must recognize that representative democracy has failed, both politically and judicially as1500 Words   |  6 Pages‘We must recognize that representative democracy has failed, both politically and judicially as well as socially. As a consequence, we must return to the fundamental meaning of ‘democracy,’ the power of the demos to govern itself. 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It isRead MoreAustralia And The United States1261 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia and the United States of America are two modern, democratic, English-speaking countries both initially settled by the British. Captain James Cook led a fleet of settlers and convicts into the Botany Bay in Australia in 1788. The United States declared its Independence in 1776, and fought a war with the British to obtain that independence. Australia began with a central government, then the states came about and, lastly, local gov ernments came into being (Australia.gov.au, 2014). It wasRead MoreMajor Issues in the High Court Review 2006931 Words   |  4 Pageshospitals this could mean a poisoned chalice. Democracy always has political participation; this means it involves, electing and rejecting leaders, influencing important decisions by voting, continuous influence on the decision – making process, direct participation in decision making and accountability of government to the citizens is a key notion. There are three notions in democracy and they are; direct, classical and participatory/deliberative. Direct democracy means it is more an attitude/way of life

Coco Chanel Quotes On Fashion, Women, Life and More

From her first millinery shop, opened in 1912, to the 1920s, Coco Chanel (Gabrielle Coco Chanel) rose to become one of the premier fashion designers in Paris, France. Replacing the corset with comfort and casual elegance, Coco Chanels fashion staples included simple suits and dresses, womens trousers, costume jewelry, perfume, and textiles.   An outspoken woman, Coco Chanel talked about an array of topics in interviews, especially her ideas about fashion.  About her work, the fashion magazine Harpers Bazaar  said in 1915, The woman who hasnt at least one Chanel is hopelessly out of fashion.... This season the name of Chanel is on the lips of every buyer.  Here are some of her own most memorable words. Learn more (biography, fast facts) about  Coco Chanel! Selected Coco Chanel Quotations Coco Chanel was never short on pithy, smart quips about everything. From life to love, from business to style, Chanel had a quote for any occasion. Quotes About Fashion and Business †¢Ã‚  When my customers come to me, they like to cross the threshold of some magic place; they feel a satisfaction that is perhaps a trace vulgar but that delights them: they are privileged characters who are incorporated into our legend. For them this is a far greater pleasure than ordering another suit. Legend is the consecration of fame. †¢ I dont do fashion, I am fashion. †¢ Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. †¢Ã‚  Fashion changes, but style endures. †¢ A fashion that does not reach the streets is not a fashion. †¢Ã‚  Gentleness doesnt get work done unless you happen to be a hen laying eggs. †¢ One shouldnt spend all ones time dressing. All one needs are two or three suits, as long as they and everything to go with them, are perfect. †¢ Fashion is made to become unfashionable. †¢Ã‚  Fashion has two purposes: comfort and love. Beauty comes when fashion succeeds. †¢Ã‚  The best color in the world is the one that looks good on you. †¢Ã‚  I imposed black; it is still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around. †¢ [T]here is no fashion for the old. †¢ Elegance is refusal. †¢Ã‚  Elegance is not the prerogative of those who have just escaped adolescence, but of those who have already taken possession of their future! †¢ Its always better to be slightly underdressed. †¢Ã‚  Before you leave the house, look in the mirror and remove one accessory. †¢ Luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury. †¢ Some people think luxury is the opposite of poverty. It is not. It is the opposite of vulgarity. †¢ Fashion is architecture: it is a matter of proportions. †¢Ã‚  Dress like you are going to meet your worst enemy today. †¢Ã‚  Dress shabbily and they remember the dress; dress impeccably and they remember the woman. †¢ Fashion has become a joke. The designers have forgotten that there are women inside the dresses. Most women dress for men and want to be admired. But they must also be able to move, to get into a car without bursting their seams! Clothes must have a natural shape. †¢Ã‚  Hollywood is the capital of bad taste. Quotes About Womanhood †¢ A woman has the age she deserves. †¢Ã‚  A girl should be two things: who and what she wants. †¢Ã‚  A good woman with good shoes is never ugly. †¢Ã‚  A woman can be over dressed but never over elegant. †¢ Where should one use perfume? a young woman asked. Wherever one wants to be kissed, I said. †¢Ã‚  A woman who doesnt wear perfume has no future. †¢Ã‚  A woman who cuts her hair is about to change her life. †¢ I dont understand how a woman can leave the house without fixing herself up a little -- if only out of politeness. And then, you never know, maybe thats the day she has a date with destiny. And its best to be as pretty as possible for destiny. †¢Ã‚  Men always remember a woman who has caused them concern and uneasiness. †¢Ã‚  I dont know why women want any of the things men have when one of the things women have is men. Quotes About Life †¢Ã‚  The most courageous act is still to think for yourself. Aloud. †¢ Not to feel love is to feel rejected regardless of age. †¢ My age varies according to the days and the people I happen to be with. †¢ How many cares one loses when one decides not to be something but to be someone. †¢Ã‚  My life didnt please me, so I created my life. †¢Ã‚  Peoples lives are an enigma. †¢Ã‚  In order to be irreplaceable, one must always be different. †¢Ã‚  Only those with no memory insist on their originality. †¢Ã‚  If you were born without wings, do nothing to impede their  growing. †¢Ã‚  I dont care what you think about me. I dont think about you at all. †¢Ã‚  The best things in life are free. The second best are very expensive. †¢Ã‚  One must not let oneself be forgotten, one must stay on the toboggan. The toboggan is what people who are talked about ride on. One must get a front seat and not let oneself be put out of it †¢ Yes, when someone offers me a flower, I can smell the hands that picked them. †¢Ã‚  Nature gives you the face you have at twenty. Life shapes the face you have at thirty. But at fifty you get the face you deserve. †¢Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Dont spend time beating on a wall, hoping to transform it into a door. †¢ My friends, there are no friends. †¢ I dont like the family. Youre born in it, not of it. I dont know anything more terrifying than the family. †¢Ã‚  From my earliest childhood Ive been certain that they have taken everything away from me, that Im dead. I knew that when I was twelve. You can die more than once in your life. †¢Ã‚  Childhood — you speak of it when youre very tired, because its a time when you had hopes, expectations. I remember my childhood by heart. †¢ You can be gorgeous at thirty, charming at forty, and irresistible for the rest of your life. †¢ (to a journalist) When Im bored I feel very old, and since Im extremely bored with you, Im going to be a thousand years old in five minutes ... †¢Ã‚  It’s probably not just by chance that I’m alone. It would be very hard for a man to live with me, unless he’s terribly strong. And if he’s stronger than I, I’m the one who can’t live with him. †¢Ã‚  I never wanted to weigh more heavily on a man than a bird. †¢ Since everything is in our heads, we had better not lose them. †¢ There is no time for cut-and-dried monotony. There is time for work. And time for love. That leaves no other time. †¢Ã‚  I’ve done my best, in regard to people and to life, without precepts, but with a taste for justice.

History of Magazines in Kenya - 1710 Words

HISTORY OF MAGAZINES IN KENYA Magazines are a form of print media that are printed periodically for a specific group of people with a common interest. Magazine publishing started way back in the 1660s with Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Edifying Monthly Discussions) being the first magazine to be published in Germany and in the world as a whole. This was in the year 1663. However, the next magazine that followed was much different than the first. The Gentleman’s Magazine published in1731 in England included more entertainment in form of essays, stories, poems and political commentary. Magazines then looked like books, printed in black and white. They were merely a channel where literate men passed on their points in the above mentioned†¦show more content†¦PROCESS AND PERSONNEL ROLES This magazine’s production technically has four stages. Stage one is research. The editorial team comes up with a blueprint which is the rough outline of what the magazines should look like. The Blueprint has the themes, how every page should look like, what should be included and who needs what for the magazine to come up. The editors look for material to write about in connection with the theme, enter contractual agreements with the models and photographers and search for venues to build up the magazine. The editor is also involved in copyrighting which basically involves coming up with the words of the theme. In the latest issue of Samantha’s Bridal the theme was Dress trends, the writers thus had to look for something to write on dresses. The next stage is the design stage. In this stage is where the sub editor puts together the articles, arranges the articles and puts words in the advertisements. The work is then sent to the designer who lays out the tempo and the photos to come up with an authentic layout. After the designer has done his work its back to the editor for proof reading then to the designer again to prepare the artwork for print in PDF format in cd form toShow MoreRelatedThe Structure And Function Of Kenya Airways1156 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine the structure and function of Kenya Airways. In doing this, the study sought to answer the following questions: establish the history and size of the organization, ownership and inefficiencies. Furthermore, the study explored the challenges facing the company and provided possible solutions. The study applied case study research design where only a specific company was investigated. 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Winston did not do well at this school eitherRead MoreImpact of Culture on the Spread of Hiv/Aids in Kenya5438 Words   |  22 PagesAbdalla A. Bafagih Professor Trent Newmeyer Sociology of AIDS Soc 309Y1F June 21, 2004 Impact of Culture on the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya a national culture is not a folklore, nor an abstract populism that believes it can discover the people’s true nature†¦.a national culture is the whole body of the efforts made by a people in the sphere of thought to describe, justify and praise the action through which that people has created itself and keeps itself in existenceRead More Mke-si-mume: Neocolonialism and Sexual Practice in Kenya Essay4007 Words   |  17 PagesMke-si-mume: Neocolonialism and Sexual Practice in Kenya The Republic of Kenya, voted one of the top five hottest tourist attractions in the world and labeled as one of the most promising and developing third world countries in Africa. This beautiful country has been a source of major controversy and debate as it takes a step into the 21st century. The topic of discussion that has sparked such great interest ranging from the President of Kenya up until the United Nations is the subject of homosexualityRead MoreThe Effect of the Second Hand Clothing Industry on the Development of Africa Economies3836 Words   |  16 Pagesimprove a nations manufacturing capabilities (Frazer). Many African nations already have the natural resources necessary to have a thriving textile industry but the influx of used clothing has hindered the development of these industries. Nigeria and Kenya are two of the largest cotton and textile exporters on the continent but are also import the greatest amounts of used clothing. The second hand clothing industry hinder s the growth of local textile and garment industries because it takes away the target

Coca Cola As A Multinational Beverage Company Essay

Introduction The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational beverage company that deals with manufacturing, retailing, and marketing. In addition, Coca-Cola Company markets its products and distributes to various retailers all over the world. The company came into being about one hundred and thirty years ago (Eldred, 2008). The organization is best known for its lead item Coca-Cola, created in 1886 by drug specialist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia. The Coca-Cola recipe and brand was purchased in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler, who consolidated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892 (Bodden, 2009). The organization works a franchised circulation framework dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company just delivers syrup concentrate which is then sold to different bottlers all through the world who hold a selected domain. All in all, the Coca-Cola Company and its auxiliaries just deliver syrup concentrate, which is then sold to different bottlers all through the world who hold the franchise Coca-Cola estab lishment. Coca-Cola bottlers, who hold regionally exclusive contracts with the organization, create the completed item in jars and bottles from the move in mix with separated water and sweeteners. These bottlers then sell, disperse and stock the subsequent Coca-Cola item to retail locations, candy machines, eateries and restaurants, and to the wholesalers. Today Coca-Cola makes more than 500 brands of items sold in more than 200 nations throughout the world. Notably, Coca-Cola sShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola1295 Words   |  6 Pagescompany also partnered with a multitude of artists, celebrities, athletes, and organizations in various marketing campaigns to promote their products (â€Å"125 years,† 2011). 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The demand for soft drinks is driven by consumerRead MoreThe Coca-Cola Company Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola is the number one captivator of people’s throats. The company, in the last one hundred years, has managed to transform people’s thirsts in to a need for Coca-Cola. The story of the Coca-Cola Company has humble beginnings. In 1885, John Pemberton, and Atlanta pharmacist, registered a trademark for â€Å"French wine cola-ideal nerve and tonic stimulant†, a brew he had developed in a three-legged pot he apparently stirred with an oar. His desire to create such a productRead MoreCoca Cola Company : The World s Largest Beverage Company1141 Words   |  5 PagesStith Pemberton, multinational beverage manufacturer The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Today they are the world’s largest beverage company. Their current Chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent. 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The company has sustainability measures in place and believes in philanthropic endeavors. The company offers internships to up-and-coming business students looking for an opportunity to work with one of the largest and most storied companies

Specific User System Requirements Free Essays

Specific Requirements This section provides comprehensive details on all requirements. It should include all of the details which the designer will need to create the design. The details that is shown below should be defined as individual specific requirements such as User Requirements and System Requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Specific User System Requirements or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also contains all of the software requirements to a level of detail sufficient to enable designer to design a system to satisfy those requirements and testers to test that the system satisfies those requirements. User Requirements The user must enter the correct username and password otherwise they cannot access through the system. The system should reports invalid log in errors. The system shall provide a facility in changing user accounts: Username and Password allowing the users to modify their accounts. The system should report any violation. The system should automatically generate bills and receipt, and other functional reports. The system can also void purchase order and should include search facility on different products information. The system should keep records on every actions that has been made. System Requirements 1. Log in and log out a. Users must be able to log in and log out b. The users must enter correct user accounts to access the system c. The users can change their accounts 2. Viewing the system main menu a. The system should have a clear and user friendly interface. 3. Rendering order transaction a. The system should provide bills and receipt 4. Viewing / Retrieving / Modifying records a. The user must be able to create and update records 5. Viewing and evaluation of records How to cite Specific User System Requirements, Papers

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example For Students

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Fahrenheit 451 Guy Montag has an emotional dilemma whether to go against the system or abide by the law. This law forbids the reading of all books. Guy Montag is a fireman who ironically sets books on fire instead of putting fires out. The decision to betray his fellow firemen is encouraged when a women is killed because she is caught possessing books. She made the empty rooms roar with accusation and shake down a fine dust guilt that was sucked in their nostrils as they plunged about.(37). Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451 takes place in a futuristic city while a war is taking place. Oddly enough the city has its own problems. The protagonist , Guy Montag, goes against society and steals books to read at home, meets a friend to help him in his brave stand against society but gets discovered, then barely escapes his punishment to join a group of people who attempt to preserve knowledge through memorization. At the beginning of the novel Guy Montag is described as a minstrel man (4). He is a fireman who never questioned the pleasure of watching pages consumed by flames. (Back cover). He is a brave individual who decides to rebel against society. Montag meets a crazy and imaginative seventeen-year old girl named Clarisse McClellan. She tells him of a time when firemen used to put out fires instead of making them. After that, Montag and the other firemen burn a house filled with books and burn its owner. They crashed the front door and grabbed at a women, though she was not running , she was not trying to escape. (38). This incident makes Montag start to think that there is something important and valuable in those books, for a woman to stay and burn with them. Montag then starts to get curious and reads books, betraying the firemen. In the middle of the book, Captain Beatty, the antagonist who is the fire captain, detects that Montag is questioning the law. Captain Beatty tries to explain the law Every fireman sooner or later hits this . They only need understanding, to know how the wheels run. Need to know the history of the profession.(53). Montag disagrees with him and meets an old retired English Professor named Faber who helps him understand the books. The things youre looking for, Montag, are in the world, but the only way an average chap will ever see ninety-nine per cent of them is in a book.(80). In doing this he gets wiser and learns more about famous poets and writers. This changes his out look on life. His secret gets discovered and the firemen burn his house which is where the books are thought to be. The climax is when Montag turns to Captain Beatty with the flame thrower and says We never burned right and then sets him on fire, killing him. Beatty flopped over and over and over, and at last twis ted in on himself like a charred wax doll and lay silent.(119). Montag then barely escapes the fire stations deadly mechanical hound, by jumping in the river and floating down stream, disguising his scent. Then he dressed in Fabers old clothes and shoes. He tossed his own clothing into the river and watched it swept away. Then, holding his suitcase, he walked out in the river until there was no bottom and he was swept away in the dark. (135). Finally, down the river, away from all the excitement, Montag starts to feel lonely because it is just him against every one else in the city. (Down the river) Montag then finds a group of friendly homeless people who are there for the same reason, reading books. This group hopes to preserve knowledge for future generations by memorizing passages from books. They do this so they cannot be caught and it also improves their thinking. All the while a war is going on and all of a sudden planes came swooping down and bombed the city. The city rolled over and fell down dead. The sound of death came after (160). Montag and his group are safe but the city is leveled. Montag and his group then decided to go back to the city and help rebuild hoping that people realize that their ways are wrong. When they ask us what were doing, you can say, Were remembering. Thats where well win out in the long run. And someday well remember so much that well build the biggest goddamn steamshovel in history an d dig the biggest grave of all time and shove war in and cover it up.(164) In conclusion Montag, rebels against society with the help of Faber, gets discovered and kills Captain Beatty, and then escapes the mechanical hound to join a group of homeless people in the same situation. The author suggests that people should stand up for what they believe in and never give up. Even though everyone was against Montags idea of reading books does not mean it was wrong.

Raymond An Introduction The New Testament â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Raymond An Introduction The New Testament? Answer: Introducation The aim of New Testament theology is to predict the past in view of the present and show it in such a way that its future importance will be seen1. It helps in connecting the world of New Testament and that of the future, and brings about the key meaning and allow divine and human to be in union by bringing about gifts whereby God creates meaning in Jesus Christ with the testimony of the gift in the New Testament writings. In early church the community came together for prayers and there was sharing of the word of God and celebration of baptism and holy Eucharist. The prayer meetings were done in house churches and this allowed peaceful and organized religious life and this gave a high competition to the synagogues meetings. Gospel is a word used to signify the good news of Jesus Christ. He is the proclaimer and the content of the gospel. According to the gospel of Mark, the deeds and words of Jesus Christ is the content of the gospel and he describes Jesus as the crucified and risen son of God therefore a speaking subject in the gospel 1Brown, Raymond E.An introduction to the New Testament. The earthly way of Jesus is the way of the son of God as he is in union with heaven and earth and therefore the gospel of mark makes this connection by Jesus baptism, transfiguration and the confession of a centurion under the cross and these forms the basic framework of the gospel because each case represents earthly and heavenly figures. The gospels in the New Testament were written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John2. The first three explains about the history of Jesus Christ on earth, his birth, teachings, passion and death on the cross. Each one described this history in their own point of view and own ways and faith. 2Johnson, Luke Timothy.The writings of the New Testament. References Brown, Raymond E.An introduction to the New Testament. Yale University Press, 2015. Johnson, Luke Timothy.The writings of the New Testament. Fortress Press, 2010.

Coroll Supplement Essay - Writing Essays Online

Coroll Supplement Essay - Writing Essays OnlineThere are plenty of online resources that provide you with the best practice, options and guidelines in composing your very own outline, exam question and corresponding essay samples. All the materials that are presented here are totally free. All that you need to do is to place your letter's name, address, phone number and e-mail address on these sites.In fact, if you have the experience in writing academic papers, such a web portal can help you a lot in preparing for the Cornell Supplement Essay. You can easily find the most popular options and sample answers on the main page.Apart from giving you all the right information, these resources are also an excellent resource for Cornell Supplement Essay Sample, Letters of Recommendation, My Choice Essay, Extended Essay Sample, and interview questions. By utilizing these resources, you can concentrate on your writing and not waste time with the various other things. These sites also allow yo u to preview the things that you are going to write down.Study Guides is very useful for completing all the academic subjects that are required by you. Most of the study guides that are provided by the online providers are very user friendly and you don't have to spend hours in class. You will get to learn all the basic academic concepts very quickly and surely, these sites are completely legal. Just by following these guides, you can make sure that you'll be able to pass the exams.These websites have quite a number of essay samples, which you can utilize in order to prepare for the upcoming examination. They will help you a lot in composing your thesis. These sites have various resources that include test questions, essay questions, exam question, essay, character reference, thesis, editor, and candidate references.You also have the option of writing your own answer key, that you can put inside the student's name box. But at times, you will want to stick to the paper's official gui delines. When this happens, these websites will provide you with the step by step guide on how to format the papers.Getting to know more about the topics and various topics that you have to deal with is very important, so you can gain knowledge that can help you in studying for the Cornell Supplement Essay. All these resources are very useful and are very much worth the money.

The Tragedy Of Hamlet Essays (902 words) - Shakespearean Tragedies

The Tragedy of Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet Arguably the best piece of writing ever done by William Shakespeare, Hamlet the is the classic example of a tragedy. In all tragedies the hero suffers, and usually dies at the end. Othello stabs himself, Romeo and Juliet commit suicide, Brutis falls on his sword, and like them Hamlet dies by getting cut with a poison tipped sword. But that is not all that is needed to consider a play a tragedy, and sometimes a hero doesn't even need to die. Not every play in which a Hero dies is considered a tragedy. There are more elements needed to label a play one. Probably the most important element is an amount of free will. In every tragedy, the characters must displays some. If every action is controlled by a hero's destiny, then the hero's death can't be avoided, and in a tragedy the sad part is that it could. Hamlet's death could have been avoided many times. Hamlet had many opportunities to kill Claudius, but did not take advantage of them. He also had the option of making his claim public, but instead he chose not too. A tragic hero doesn't need to be good. For example, MacBeth was evil, yet he was a tragic hero, because he had free will. He also had only one flaw, and that was pride. He had many good traits such as bravery, but his one bad trait made him evil. Also a tragic hero doesn't have to die. While in all Shakespearean tragedies, the hero dies, in others he may live but suffer "Moral Destruction". In Oedipus Rex, the proud yet morally blind king plucks out his eyes, and has to spend his remaining days as a wandering, sightless beggar, guided at every painful step by his daughter, Antigone. A misconception about tragedies is that nothing good comes out of them, but it is actually the opposite. In Romeo and Juliet, although both die, they end the feud between the Capulets and the Montegues. Also, Romeo and Juliet can be together in heaven. In Hamlet, although Hamlet dies, it is almost for the best. How could he have any pleasure during the rest of his life, with his parents and Ophelia dead. Also, although Hamlet dies, he is able to kill Claudius and get rid of the evil ruling the throne. Every tragic play must have a tragic hero. The tragic hero must possess many good traits, as well as one flaw, which eventually leads to his downfall. A tragic hero must be brave and noble. In Othello, Othello had one fatal flaw, he was too great. Othello was too brave, too noble, and especially too proud to allow himself to be led back to Venice in chains. A tragic hero must not back down from his position. He also has to have free will, in order to stand up for what he believes in. Finally, the audience must have some sympathy for the tragic hero. In MacBeth, although MacBeth commits many murders, one almost feels sorry for him and his fate. Hamlet is the perfect example of the tragic hero. Hamlet has all the good traits needed to be a tragic hero. He is brave and daring. One example of this is that when he went to England, he was taking a big risk. If his plan didn't work, he would have been executed He also is also loyal. His loyalty to his father, was the reason he was so angry at Claudius and his Mother. Another trait was that he was intelligent. He was able to think up the idea of faking insanity, in order to get more information about Claudius. But Hamlet like all other tragic hero's had a flaw. He couldn't get around to doing anything, because he couldn't move on. He was a full grown adult, yet he still attended school in England, because he couldn't move on. Also, it took him a long time to stop grieving about his father, because he didn't want to move past that part of his life. And after he finally did, Hamlet couldn't get around to killing Claudius. He kept pretending he was insane even after he was sure that Claudius killed his father. The final example of Hamlet's inability to get around to do anything was that he was dating Ophelia for a long time, but never got around to marrying her. The audience was able to feel sympathy for Hamlet too. He had just lost his father, and his mother remarried so

Free Essays on Lakota Woman

Lakota Woman By: josh The book â€Å"Lakota Woman,† is an autobiography that depicts Mary Crow Dog and Indians’ Lives. Because I only had a limited knowledge on Indians, the book was full of surprising incidents after incidents. Moreover, she starts out her story by describing how her Indian friends died in miserable and unjustifiable ways. After reading first few pages, I was able to tell that Indians were mistreated in the same manners as African-Americans by whites. The only facts that make it look worse are, Indians got their land stolen and prejudice and inequality for them still exists. Just like other Indian kids on reservation, Crow Dog’s childhood was poor in everyway; didn’t have enough food, clothes, education, and parents’ love. She was kidnapped to boarding school where Indian children are imprisoned: only allowed to go home one week every year. Because Indians have very strong family tide, such as tiyospaye, being taken away from family was very hard for In dian Children. Crow Dog tried to fight against the school system and published newspapers, explaining how school is treating them like slaves. She quit school but she somehow managed to get her diploma. Despite the fact that she earned her diploma, Crow Dog was living aimlessly; drinking, drugs, stealing, and running away from home. Many Indians spend their ADC check on those things because of the given situation they are in. However, not every Indian spends the day boozed and stoned; like people of AIM are trying to fight against the wrong system. She joins AIM where she finds Indians, living their lives to the fullest to fight for their right. AIM changed her life in two big ways; she learned to fight not only for herself but also for her own people and met her husband Leonard Crow Dog. As an AIM person and Indian, she participates in many Indian activities such as BIA take over, the siege at Wounded Knee, and many peyote meetings. She fights against dicta... Free Essays on Lakota Woman Free Essays on Lakota Woman Lakota Woman By: josh The book â€Å"Lakota Woman,† is an autobiography that depicts Mary Crow Dog and Indians’ Lives. Because I only had a limited knowledge on Indians, the book was full of surprising incidents after incidents. Moreover, she starts out her story by describing how her Indian friends died in miserable and unjustifiable ways. After reading first few pages, I was able to tell that Indians were mistreated in the same manners as African-Americans by whites. The only facts that make it look worse are, Indians got their land stolen and prejudice and inequality for them still exists. Just like other Indian kids on reservation, Crow Dog’s childhood was poor in everyway; didn’t have enough food, clothes, education, and parents’ love. She was kidnapped to boarding school where Indian children are imprisoned: only allowed to go home one week every year. Because Indians have very strong family tide, such as tiyospaye, being taken away from family was very hard for In dian Children. Crow Dog tried to fight against the school system and published newspapers, explaining how school is treating them like slaves. She quit school but she somehow managed to get her diploma. Despite the fact that she earned her diploma, Crow Dog was living aimlessly; drinking, drugs, stealing, and running away from home. Many Indians spend their ADC check on those things because of the given situation they are in. However, not every Indian spends the day boozed and stoned; like people of AIM are trying to fight against the wrong system. She joins AIM where she finds Indians, living their lives to the fullest to fight for their right. AIM changed her life in two big ways; she learned to fight not only for herself but also for her own people and met her husband Leonard Crow Dog. As an AIM person and Indian, she participates in many Indian activities such as BIA take over, the siege at Wounded Knee, and many peyote meetings. She fights against dicta... Free Essays on Lakota Woman "Between 1870 and 1880 all Sioux were driven into reservations, fenced in and forced to give up everything that had given meaning to their life - their horses, their hunting, their arms, everything. But under the long snows of despair the little spark of our ancient beliefs and pride kept glowing, just barely sometimes, waiting for a warm wind to blow that spark into a flame again." Mary Crow Dog Lakota Woman tells the life story of Mary Crow Dog, a Native American woman who witnessed some of the most relevant events of the Native American movement during the late 60’s and 70’s. Crow Dog was born Mary Brave Bird on the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota in 1953; she grew up in poverty, without running water or electricity, in a one room shack that she shared with her mother and six siblings. She was born to a Native American woman and a white man; her father disappeared shortly after. Not only did she grow up without a father, but she also grew up as a "half-breed," something that would play a big part in the socialization among her people. Crow Dog left her mother’s home at the age of eleven, her childhood was spent growing up in the streets, drinking and living "like a hobo." Fed up with the school system, Crow Dog left the boarding school on her own terms and began to resist her mother and the white man through learning about her Native American heritage from the older generations; she began to fight for her rights and those of her people along with many other Native Americans. Joining the AIM in 1971, Crow Dog began to lead the life of an activist, she joined marches for Native American rights, attended rallies held for and by various prominent figures in the Native American community. She was also involved in the siege of the Bureau of Indian Affairs building in Washington D.C., where AIM was to meet with government officials to discuss a list of "broken treaties" between Native American and the United Sta...

Living with a long term condition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Living with a long term condition - Essay Example She was doing well under the care of her daughter, but after two years at home, many of her symptoms recurred including her hallucinations, paranoia, delusions of grandeur; she was also manifesting disorganized speech and thought processes. She was hearing voices and was often heard talking to her hallucinations; she also insisted she was a Queen and must be treated as such; and she was easily distracted and had trouble organizing her thoughts. She was also refusing to take her medications. After appropriate evaluation, she was admitted to the mental health unit. I met the patient after being assigned to her care as a mental health nurse. In evaluating her condition, she has been schizophrenic for six years now with her symptoms being manageable for the better part of four years, but due to an untoward incident – the death of her husband, her symptoms have become unmanageable again. Angela is now 56 years old, has had two grown children, and has been recently widowed. She has worked as a school teacher up to the time when her initial symptoms manifested. She has since opted for early retirement due to her condition. When she was brought home after four years in the mental institution, she has had a limited social history. She has opted to not engage in any social interactions because she felt ashamed of her condition. Her family members have remained supportive of her and they have done their best to maintain social interactions with her. Within the mental health unit, she is a shy and socially awkward person. At times, she can also be gregarious with other people, especially when her delusions of grandeur are manifesting. However, she also tends to be suspicious of everyone including the health staff and the patients. This makes her resistant to interactions and to the medical interventions which the health staff are administering. Long term conditions are those conditions which basically require prolonged medical care (London Health Observatory, 2011). The World Health Organization (Department of Health, 2005) describes that long-term conditions or chronic conditions are health issues which call for continuous care over a period of years or even decades. It includes conditions like cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension, and mental disorders including schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer’s disease (London Health Observatory, 2011). The patient’s mental illness is considered a long-term condition because it would require continuous management. In short, it is a life-long disease which would require constant supervision and treatment. The patient would have to take medications for the rest of her life to manage her symptoms and she would have to be monitored in order to ensure that her symptoms would not endanger her life and the life of other people. 2. PLANNING THE CARE a. What interventions were planned – what is the evidence based for this? Interventions which were planned primarily included the administr ation of antipsychotic medications. The management of schizophrenia most often includes antipsychotic medications (Brown University, 2012). The patient was to be placed on Risperidone (Risperdal) which is an atypical antipsychotic. Risperidone is currently preferred as an antipsychotic because it does not cause agranulocytosis, which is commonly seen in clozapine, another antipsychotic (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012). Risperidone however can increase a patient’s risk to diabetes and hypercholestolemia; as a result, regular monitoring of the

Singapore Airlines External Factor Analysis Essay

Singapore Airlines External Factor Analysis - Essay Example Singapore Airlines, initially the Malaysia-Singapore Airlines, started operations as an independent airlines company in 1972. The company has gained a strong position in the airline industry and the route network now has expanded to over 90 destinations in more than 40 countries. The company has been able to achieve competitive advantage through product and experience based differentiation as it pioneered the concept of entertainment and innovation in flight. It was the first airline to introduce hot meals, alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks, fragranced towels, and video on demand for the cabin crew members. The crew members are youngest in any airline industry in South Asia and they use the â€Å"Singapore Girl† as the symbolic representation of the company’s commitment to quality excellence and service delivery (Singapore Tourism Report, 2011). Further, the airline keeps the youngest fleet of aircrafts in order to minimize its fuel costs and has an impressive business model which is responsible for its astounding success. It has an efficient financial infrastructure developed and incorporates innovation and strategic management to adapt to the rapidly changing external environment of the industry. As it is the national airline, it is present in the markets of South Asia, East Asia, Europe and America. Therefore, Singapore Airline operates in a highly competitive market thus external environment is of particular importance to its strategic management and leadership. The External environment has an important impact on the airline industries in Asia especially after the augmentation of terrorism across the world. With the changing external trends globally Singapore Airlines is faced by many micro and macroeconomic pressures, socio-cultural changes, political and legal factors and also the technological pressures to constantly innovate. Below is an analysis of the four external factors affecting Singapore Airlines. Political This refers to the political set up and government intervention in the business sector. The government usually discourages private monopolies and hence would encourage competition. This means Singapore Airlines has to watch for political barriers in host countries for example it withdrew the stake in Air India because of the privatization programme of Indian government (BBC News, 2001). The government’s lobbying activities or policies regarding privatization, protection of domestic industry, contracts or subsidies can al l affect the international firms like Singapore Airlines. In politically unstable countries like India and Pakistan, the Airlines will be subject to much uncertainity in operations and will have to incur additional security costs. Even in Singapore, it does not receive any government subsidies despite the fact that it is a national airline (John, 2010) Social Factors Social factors pertain to the societal changes in tastes, preferences and consumption patterns of the consumers. A change in income levels of the society means more people can afford to travel by air rather than by rail or car hence, there can be an increase in the sales of Singapore Airlines domestic and international flights (Hill, 2008). Moreover, changes in social habits like increased preference of entertainment on flights poses a greater pressure on Singapore Airlines to provide such features to the travellers. The crash of Singapore Airline flight SQ006, at the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport in Taipei, mea nt that the company had to compensate the agitated families of victims with a total amount of $400,000 (BBC News, 2001). Moreover, the increased trend of online shopping also requires Singapore Airlines to regularly update its website and offer online selling and booking of airline tickets in Asia. The increase in terrorist activities however, has a

Effects on Light and Colour on Our Environment

Effects on Light and Colour on Our Environment Light and colour have the ability to have a profound effect on the we perceive and interactive with our environment, effecting us holistically, in mind, body, and spirit. Altering the way we experience space, changing our perception of spatial definition and proportion. Light and colour serve as mediums for communication and information. They aid orientation and influence movement; differentiate space, establish hierarchy and indicate function; conveys symbolic messages; they are an expression of the Zeitgeist and connect us to the world in which we live. Light and colour have major impacts on our psychologically influencing our emotion, feeling and creating associations, physiologically impacting on our well-being on both a visual and non visual basis. Piturity gland etc.? One would usually associate the above solely with the sense of sight but both light and colour induce synesthesia, evoking associations with senses such as taste, smell, kinesthesia, temperature and according to some even effect our perception of time. The way we comprehend and experience light and colour it more complex than a simple optical stimulation. Our perception is a result of interplay of both physiological and the psychological factors in the conscious and subconscious. We have many prepossessions and preconceptions and light and colour which can be formed through personal experience, be a result of cultural influences and/or eduction or be part of genetic make up, developed over millions of year of evolution. There are six basic interdependent factors which combine to give us are perception of light and colour, biological reactions; the collective unconscious; conscious symbolism and association; cultural and mannerisms; trends, fashions and styles; and personal relationships and factors Biological Reaction Our biological reactions occurs not just as a result of the visual pathway. Light and thus colour aslo effect us a through neural pathway or energitic pathway. Through the energietic pathway light and colour stiumli are carried directly to the brain and onto the pineal and putrity glands, which control the production of hormones. This in turn can effect the likes of, metabolism, blood pressure, stress and aggression. The Collective Unconscious the collective unconscious refers to perception which is not rationalised by our conscious thoughts or our own personal experiences. According to Jungian psycholgy the collective unconscious is the part of our psche that has nothing to do with conscious or unconscious reaction based on personal experience amessed during our life time The collective unconscious consists of architypes, primordial and latent images, impressions and associations, in our gentic make up. Predispositions devloped thorugh millions of years evolution and the development of our species and cause us to interpret the environment in same way our predecessor The authors Hall and Nordby describe it as: the collective unconscious is a reservoir of latent images, usually called primordial images by Jung. Primordial mean the first or the original therefore the primordial image refer to the earliest development of the psyche. Man inherits these images from his ancestral past, a past that includes all of human ancestors as well as his prehuman or animal ancestors. Conscious Symbolism Funadmental associations and impressions made in the conscious. There are many associations to certain colour with are universally, and are read the same no matter the culture or eduction, for example yellow with light, blue with the sun and green with nature. The symbolism of the light and colour can be particulary significant in the field of architecture due to there connects to evoking mood and feeling. Light and colour suggest warmth or coolness, alter one perception of whether a room is friendly, etc Cultural influences Although there are many colour associations which are universal, we must also consider how different culture have different associations for some colours. For example japanese culture tends to be more responsive to softer colours, prehaps this relates to a greater appreciation of materiality. Indian culture on the other hand has a greater affinity to loud, bright and vivid colouration. There are also certain colours which gain greater significance in a certain colour. An example of this is the religious importance of green in Islam. Trends Fashion and Style Our interpretation and perfernces of colour can affect by what is in vogue at a particular time. Trends in the built environment tend to change on a less regular basis than in other. Although responsing to trends in architect and interior design may not result in creating the most beneficial environmets as different enviroments have different requirements, trends can be important in producing a sense of zeigheist. Such as ? Personal Relationships and Factors Our relationship to space is highly influenced by personal and subjective factors such as personal dispostion and specific personal experience, for example one would usually associate blue with coolness but if burnt by a blue object may induce an connection to heat. Other personal factors can change perceptions of light colour include sensitivity, age, character and temperament and are physical and psychological make up. Colour psychology can be separated in to interlinked subdivisions, applied colour psychology and depth colour psychology applied colour psychology is the one that generally applies to architecture. It deals with the implementation of the predetermined psychological effects to create a spatial ambiance to produce psychical benefits thus physiological benefits, or to convey a specific imagery. More? Symbolism and imagery of light and colour. For it is through symbols that man finds his way out of his particular situation and opens himself to the general and the universal. Symbols awaken an individual experience and transmit into a spiritual act, into a metaphysical comprehension of the world- Mircea Eliade For thousands of years natural light has been used for its powerful associations, for early man light held more significance than perhaps any other time, it was the giver of life and revered to the extent of worshipping the sun. Its significance however has diminished especially since the intrusion of artificial light Light can be regarded as metaphorical in conjuring thoughts of another place or notion. It can be symbolic, representing something else often that which immaterial such as infinity, and often symbolic of that which we do not fully comprehend. Light has the quality to produce a power ephemeral state of being. For link to times season Zeitgeist? Darkness is also important in this experience not only as a contrast too dark but in its own symbolism and representations, and the states of mind it creates, the lack of light suppress the visual, heightening the other senses. Strong darkness presents the unknown leading to states of apprehension, unease and even to phobia. The interplay of light and dark can lead to the the creation of contemplative or theatrical light. Luis Barragan advocates the use of what he calls half-light architects are forgetting the human need for half-light the sort of light that imposes a tranquillity, in their living rooms as well as their bedrooms we should try to recover mental and spiritual ease and to alleviate anxiety, the salient characteristic of these agitated times, and the pleasures of thinking, working, conversing are heightened by the absence of glaring light One of the few cultures in which the design of such environments is prevalent is in Japanese traditions. Quote for in praise of shadows and example? Another way to create places of contemplation is to use diffuse or baffled light, producing a level of uniformity contemplation is nourished by the lack of distractions Metaphorical Light Metaphorical light extends the role of light beyond that of simply of revealing, it denotes light that is used to conjure a visions of a different locality, for example its can be used to as a representation of nature, blurring boundaries giving one the impression that they are not in a interior setting. The use of metaphorical lighting is vivid in the works of artist Edward Hopper. In his painting New York Movie, Hopper uses contrasts in light to differentiate between the fanstay world of the theatre and the reality in which the usher carries on with her everyday life. Symbolic light is used as a representation of the immaterial and the unembodied, beyond that which is portrayed by the metaphorical, complex notions such as life and death. An powerful example of this is the Vietnam War memorial in Washington D.C. The names of the dead are inscribed in the specular granite surface of the wall. The ever-changing reflections of light and the surrounding remind us of our place and temporal natural in this world and thus our mortality. For thousands of years light has been associated with the spiritual facets and seen as the manifestation of divinity and the ethereal. Since prehistoric man light, the sun have been connected to the scared, prehistoric worshipped the sun build monuments align to its summer solstice to honour it, as this was when its was its most powerful. Tombs were also built with reference to the sun, often align to face the sun rise on the summer solstice. The light of a new day and the rising sun gave hope of an after life the natural language of light and dark is a powerful one with which to express architectural meaning Specific colour also hold symbolic associations. Many of these are fairly obvious, however these initial associations over time have lead subsequent affiliations or can take on induce different connections. The collective findings from a number of experiments have shown that many are universal however there may be slight variations in different cultures and religions. Associations have from human experience, going all the way back to early man. As discussed above primordial images etc have been stored in the human genome past on from generation to generation and contribute to our colour perception. Eckart Heimendahl suggests that our colour perception develops from three types of symbolism: ritual symbolism, traditional symbolism and aesthetic-emotional(psychological) level symbolism, which fuse to give us our experience of colour one of the most striking features of the results concerning perference, connotation and colour-mood associatations is the consistancy from one individual to another, from group to group and cross-culturally. There has been a great number of cross-cultural studies comparing subjects in America, lebanon, Kenya, Botswana, greece to mention a few. Monkeys have been compared to Man, men to women, children to adults, layman to architects. As another author concludes, it would indicate either that our heritage is such that we learn correct responses, or that there is some innate mood reaction to different colors (Kuller 1981 p.164) The message a colour conveys and thus it psychological effect is dependent on colours hue and the environment in which it sits. Even the slightest change it a hue nuance can alter its meaning. The materiality of the colour also plays a significant role in this process, which will be discussed later. The following will give and over the imagery and messages that the prominent hues are affiliated to. Red is a warm, stimulating colour with both positive and negative associations. It positive connotations include the aforementioned warmth due to its connection to fire, as well as passion, strength, activity and love. Its more negative affiliations include rage and aggression, ferocity, although these have served a purpose throughout history. An example of this in military, where red was used to change mind sets and convey a aggression. Red also represent blood, which to some may portray an unfavourable message, can also represent life. This is perhaps linked to early man who may have concluded that blood gave life after seeing blood leave the body a slaughtered prey. Love? Red is the dominant and attention grabbing colour as its focus point is behind the retina which give the impression that it is protruding pink? orange is a largely positive colour and is generally considered to have very few negative connotations. Although less assertive than red its is still vibrant and energetic, with lighter tone being cheering. Orange also has connections to nature reminding us of autumn and sunsets. Brown is a darker tone of orange which again has strong connections to nature, prompting thoughts of the earth. As it is earthly is suggest security and stability. However certain shade of brown may be less pleasant and dreary and even dispiriting. Yellow is considered to be the happiest colour due to it luminous and radiant nature and thus it tends to raise ones spirits. Perhaps its is most powerful and spiritual affiliation with the sun, and therefore with light and life. Yellow was also the colour of mercury in, best known for being the messenger of the god, but was the god of commerce and profit, as well as the god of the traveller, thus yellow can represent spiritual enlightenment. Green focus precisely on the retina and therefore is the easiest colour on the eye. As a result green is relaxing and refreshing. One of green major associations is nature and vigorous growth. Early rituals were based around the lush green of vegetation and thus is a symbol of food and life, and as a subsequence in Christianity represents hope and immortality. Green also has significant religious value in Islam where it is regarded as a holy colour. In stark contrast certain variations of green can convey a message of mould and decay and as a result death. Depending on its position between yellow and blue green has different effect, a green closer to yellow will appear to be more stimulating where as bluish green appear cooler and more tranquil Blue like green is relaxing and retiring, but appear cooler than green although darker tones appear to feel warmer. Materialtiy also affects its relative warmth, a dark blue, thick carpet will not provoke a cold feeling. Blue induces feelings of calmness and as a result contemplation and due to its obvious connection to water blue gives expresses cleanliness. However if not used correctly blue can be cold and depressing as refered to in the phrase I have the blues. Blues symbolism has a number of cultural variations. In Rome blue was the colour of a philosopher robe and reflected wisdom. In China blue symbolises immortality and holiness to Hebrews. purple/violet white symbolises many positive things, architecture it prompts a sense of openness and freedom, a white space will always feel more expensive, however if the portion of white is to greater it gives a sense of emptiness. From a multi-discipline perspective, white conjures images of cleanliness, purity, innocence and peace. In Asia white is the colour of mourning but in a positive way, as the believe that death on this earth is the beginning of a better life. black grey Over and under stimulation In terms of of both physiological and psychological factors the balance of stimulation is important in providing the right environment. Both over-stimulation and under-stimulation can have adverse affects on our well-being and the overall impression of a space. For an environment to be most beneficial a balanced variety should be sort. Balance is the securing of unity midst variety. Both variety and unity are required to sustain interest, and these opposing forces must be balanced. Variety is necessary to attract and arouse interest; unity is essential to create a favourable impression and desires. Variety overdone is confusing and unpleasant. Unity overdone is monotonous. The mark of colour arrangement is knowing where to stop between these extremes Exposure to an overly complex visually chaotic environment or extremely monotony, whether it be through colour, pattern or contrast can effect us physiologically by triggering changes in rates of breathing, blood pressure and pulse, thus lead to increased stress levels Over stimulation can induce an increase in muscle tension and is believed to increase ones susceptibility to infection which can lead to ulcers and coronary disease. Surprisingly dull under-stimulating environments can cause increases in heart rate. With no external stimulation one becomes more aware of there inner self. Subject to individuals mentally and nature if their thought, this can lead to fear, anxiety and distress. On a psychological level an under stimulating and thus sensory deficiency setting is known to lead to a lack of concentration, restlessness and irritability. Under stimulation can also lead to perception disorders. It cannot be stressed enough that the balance between unity and complexity is the first and most important rule in the design in beneficial environments However in certain situation it can be the designer objective to create space which are under stimulating. It space may be design as a spiritual and contemplative space which encourages one to look inside themselves for enlightenment To understand the extent of light and colours effect, we must consider it on its own as well as the how it reacts and relates to its environment. Our cognition of light and colour can be largely influenced by how they contrast with there surroudings. There a number of different contrast relationships which alter the way perceive and distinguish: Light-Dark Contrast In its simplest terms this is the contrast between light and shadow. But can also refer the to difference between lightness of colours, but the contrast is most prominent in the achromatic i.e. when no hue is involved. Light dark contrast can be useful for differentiating space. However too great a contrast will cause visual fatigue and strain. Chromatic-Achromatic contrast. Combining the chromatic with the achromatic will alter the perceived intensity and luminosity of the chromatic colour. White and grey nuances weaken a colours luminosity and therefore can be used to neutralise. On the other hand black increase a colours luminosity. Complementary Contrast Complementary contrast occurs between two colour which are as different as possible, location directly opposite on a colour wheel. Each complementary contrast has its own unique feature. For example a contrast between orange and blue gives the greatest warm-cool definition and a yellow-violet contrast give the most intense light-dark contrast. Effect/importance Intensity contrast Describes the contrast between colours of the different saturation. Intensity contrast is best used when a when small amount of pure colour are used as an accent amongst muted colours, which give a particular feature emphases while maintaining the over ambiance of the space. Quantity Contrast Quantity contrast is the proportional relationship between the colours in a space. The proportion of a particular colour plays major role in establishing spatial definition and impression Flicker Contrast licker is a over stimulating contrast, occurring when intense colours with similar lightness or darkness are combined is a space. This type of contrast shows that the colouration has not been considered appropriately, flicker contrasts should be avoid. There are two other physiological contrast which also need to be taken into account when assessing the impact of colour, successive contrast and simultaneous contrast. Simultaneous contrast is the phenomenon where by a colour will be perceived differently with a different foreground, background or environment. For example if a neutral grey is place on a surrounding colour background the grey will appear to have a hint of the complementary colour of the background colour. The perceive change is not reality but is a result of ones colour sensation. Simultaneous contrast does not just affect hue and saturation but also brightness. For example grey will appear lighter against a darker background Successive contrast is a phenomenon where by if one is subjected to a colour stimulus for an excessive amount of time an after image of its complementary colour will occur. For example if one stares at a red surface for a prolonged period of time then look at a white surface, the white surface will appear to be blue green. This after-image is believed to be the result of fatigue. The affect is temporary but nevertheless can be disturbing. e.g.? The physiological reality is that the eye requires any given give colour to be balanced by its complementary, and will generate it if it is not present. Complementary colours also provide psychological balance to warmth and coolness of colour. The after image is a physiological effect which indicates than use us of complementary colours the the most effective way of creating a harmonious space Synesthesia Synesthesia (Greek, syn= together + aisthesis= perception) is a neurological condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality evokes a experience in another modality, or the crossing of two or more sense. Light and colour not only stimulate the sense of sight but arouses sensations in many other of the other senses through visual and non visual means. Perception of weight as a general rule darker and more saturated colours will appear to be heavier and more dense than lighter and less saturated colours. Warmer colours will also seem heavier than the cooler coolers if the same hue Perception of volume and distance The lighter a space is the more open it will be perceived to be thus a space will appear to have a larger volume than a dark space. Within a space lighter colours, cooler colours and small patterns will appear to recede. With darker or more saturated seeming the protrude thus making distances seem shorter. Perception of temperature it is widely believed that visually, colour can alter our perception of whether a room is warm or cool. Since the formation of the hypothesis several experiments have been observed which seem to prove what was thought . One such example is described by Johannes Itten in his book The Elements of Colour, is experiment illustrates a significant difference in the temperature at an individual felt cold in different coloured room Occupants of the blue-green felt that 59 degrees Fahrenheit was cold, where as the temperature had to fall to 52 degrees Fahrenheit in the red-orange room before the subjects felt cold evidence from a corresponding Norwegian study drew a similar conclusion, in which subjects set a thermostat four degrees lower in a red room compared to a blue room. However test also showed that the effect where only temporary and after a period of time the effects begin to diminish. Perception of Taste and Odours Certain colours can evokes associations with tastes or smells. Colours such as lavender, pale yellow and pink have pleasant associations with smell and colours such as coral, soft yellow and light green are associated with pleasant tastes. These affiliations can be useful in industrial situation to help improve unpleasant environments Perception of Sound Gestalt psychologists such as Heinz Warner, Krakov, Allen and Schwartz have produced evidence that strong odour and taste can alter our perception of colour. It is suggested that strong taste and odours make us more less sensitive to red and more to green. On a similar note through colour association can be used to offset loud environments. For example one may mentally connect highly saturated warm colour with being loud, cool and low saturated colour having the opposite effect, thus cool or low saturated colour can be used to help offset noisy environments a noisy atmosphere will be experienced subjectively as nosier or more bothersome if paint with glaring yellows or reds. Shrill and high pitched sounds may be offset by olive green Perception of Time Some researchers believe that light, colour and pattern can alter our estimation of time. One theory is that subdued, monotonous spaces cause one to overestimated time. Perhaps this is related to boredom and under-stimulation. It is a common conception that time passes more quickly when one is enjoying themselves. Light, colour and our perception of space. Space remains in oblivion without light. Lights shadows and shades, its different sources, its opacity,transparency, translucency and conditions of reflection and refraction intertwine to define or redefine space. Light subjects space to uncertainty, forming a kind of tentative bridge through fields of experience Steven Holl The way we use and perceive a space is greatly influence by light and colour along with the factors described. Above the have the ability to define boundaries and differentiate spaces. They provide orientation and consciously and unconsciously affect how we move through a building. Furthermore due to the synesthetic sensations they induce as described above, light and colour alter the perceived dimensioning of a space. Space, as we experience it in architectural settings is a result of our entire perceptual system. One sees the environment not with the eyes but with eyes-in-the-head-on-the-body-resting-on-the-ground As we have found out light and shadow can be a powerful tool with which to reveal meaning. However they also play a major role in defining our sense of space, if we manipulate light we alter our perception of architectural space. Before structure, walls, ceiling and floor, it was light which estbalished boundaries. At night a room for early man was defined by light admitted by fire, the extremity of which came when light faded into darkness.